0 Modem

Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) was equipment that today often is used to carry out the connection to the internet, especially through the telephone channel. Physically, the modem could be distinguished as the internal modem and the external modem. By that, we knew the distribution to be based on the speed and his procedure, that take the form of software or hardware the modem. There were several distributions again that his characteristics were more technical, like error control, the data compression protocol, et cetera, but the distribution of this kind will not be discussed by us in this article.

The Eksternal modem and Internal

Like was drawn from his name, external modem equipment was outside CPU. Modem external was connected to CPU through port COM or USB. Modem this kind usually uses the source of the tension was separated took the form of the adaptor. The use profit of this kind modem was portabilitas him that was good enough so as easy was moved-moved to be used in the other computer. By that by using the external modem, might not be slot the expansion that was sacrificed so as to be able to be used for the other need, especially if mainboard that was used only provided a little slot the expansion. The external modem was also supplemented with indicator light that facilitated us to monitor the status of the modem. His loss, his price was more expensive compared with the internal modem. The external modem also needed the special place to place him despite small.

Was different from the external modem, the internal modem was installed directly in CPU. physically the internal modem took the form of one card that tertancap to some slot the expansion in mainboard, usually in slot Isa or PCI. Penggunaan of this kind modem had several profits, including being more frugal the place and from the aspect of the price was more economical compared with the external modem. Because of being installed in CPU, then this kind modem did not need the adaptor as in the case of the external modem so as the system was apparently briefer without having many milling cables that could give the impression was not neater. Nevertheless, the internal modem had the weakness took the form of the nonexistence of the indicator as that could be met to the external modem. As a result rather was difficult to monitor the status of the modem (although could be carried out through software). Moreover, the internal modem did not use the source of the tension personally until must be rationed from power supply to CPU. Panas from components in the series of the internal modem also will increase the temperature in the CPU box.

The speed of Modem

Speed of a modem was measured with the unit bps (bit per second) or Kbps (kilobit per second). The size varied, between 300 bps and 56,6 Kbps, but the general speed is used today revolved between 14,4 and 56,6 Kbps. It was increasingly high that his speed was definitely increasingly good because of shortening connection time and saving the telephone credit cost. The speed of the connection also really depended on the quality of the telephone channel that was used. The modem 56,6 Kbps usually very rare could achieve the speed of his peak. Generally the fastest connection that could be achieved through the conventional telephone channel was revolving between 45-50 Kbps to downstream, depended the distance from the centre of the telephone channel that was used (increasingly close definitely increasingly good), whereas to upstream maximal only as big as 33.6 Kbps. This was linked with the limitations of the telephone channel that indeed basically was not drafted for data communication have a speed high.

The modem was based on Hardware and Software
Apart from the two distributions above, we also knew the term hardware or software the modem. The modem that worked in a hardware manner used chip especially to handle functions of data communication, whereas in software the modem, this work was taken over by a program driver.

The use software the modem will be enough to load the CPU work, and therefore definitely needed the system with processor that was fast (was suggested minimal used processor Pentium 200 MHz). The decline in the performance would really was felt when using this kind modem. A machine was based on Celeron 400 for example, only could work was proper for PC Pentium Classic during online with make use of software the modem. Physically almost did not have the characteristics that menyolok that distinguished between the two modem kinds. Nevertheless, today almost all the internal modem was based on PCI available in the market was software the modem. This kind modem is generally sold with the price that was far more cheaper compared with the based modem hardware.

Because of the availability factor driver, then software the modem generally only could work in the OS Windows environment so as this modem kind also often was acknowledged as Winmodem. His profit lately several producers gave the support for Linux for software their output modem.

The meaning of the Eksternal Modem

OH Indicator: Off Hook
Meaning that that the modem was working. If the telephone set, OH will be on when the handle was lifted and died when the handle was placed.

CD: Carrier Detect
Meaning that whether being carrier that was sent from the modem that was contacted or not. When having the connection with the other modem, CD light will be switched on.

AA: the Answer
Fasilitas car the modem that could answer automatically the call from the other modem. If the AA indicator was on, the modem could do handshaking automatically.
EC: Error Control
Fasility the modem for the correction error. The EC indicator that was on showed correction facilities error the modem was active.

TD: Transmit Data
Indikator that will be on when the modem was sending the data. Rd: Receive Data Indikator that will be on when the modem accepted the data.

DTR: the Terminal Ready
Indikator Data that showed the modem was ready to be used to carry out the connection to the other modem

0 Market share

Market share, in strategic management and marketing, is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company.

It can be expressed as a company's sales revenue (from that market) divided by the total sales revenue available in that market. It can also be expressed as a company's unit sales volume (in a market) divided by the total volume of units sold in that market. It is generally necessary to commission market research (generally desk/secondary research, although sometimes primary research) to estimate the total market size and a company's market share.

Increasing market share is one of the most important objectives used in business. The main advantage of using market share is that it abstracts from industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy, or changes in tax policy. According to the national environment, the respective share of different companies changes and hence this causes change in the share market values; the reason can be political ups and downs, any disaster, any happening or mis-happening.

Other objectives include return on investment (ROI), return on assets (ROA), and target rate of profit. Market share has the potential to increase profits as profit leads to more customers with a higher demand for a particular product.

0 Strategic planning

Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis).

Strategies are different from tactics in that:

1. They are proactive and not re-active as tactics are.

2. They are internal in source and the business venture has absolute control over its application.

3. Strategy can only be applied once, after that it is process of application with no unique element remaining.

4. The outcome is normally a strategic plan which is used as guidance to define functional and divisional plans, including Technology, Marketing, etc.

Strategic planning is the formal consideration of an organization's future course. All strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions:

1. "What do we do?"
2. "For whom do we do it?"
3. "How do we excel?"

In business strategic planning, the third question is better phrased "How can we beat or avoid competition?". (Bradford and Duncan, page 1).

In many organizations, this is viewed as a process for determining where an organization is going over the next year or more -typically 3 to 5 years, although some extend their vision to 20 years.

In order to determine where it is going, the organization needs to know exactly where it stands, then determine where it wants to go and how it will get there. The resulting document is called the "strategic plan".

It is also true that strategic planning may be a tool for effectively plotting the direction of a company; however, strategic planning itself cannot foretell exactly how the market will evolve and what issues will surface in the coming days in order to plan your organizational strategy. Therefore, strategic innovation and tinkering with the 'strategic plan' have to be a cornerstone strategy for an organization to survive the turbulent business climate.

0 Motivation

Do you know the definition of motivation? More importantly, do you know why you need to know.

Have you ever found it hard to do something that needed to be done? Have you ever had a hard time getting others to do or accomplish necessary tasks? Would you like to take charge of your own life or help others take charge of theirs?
The difference or gap between what needs to be done and what is not being done can be closed using motivation.

In public speaking motivation is defined as communicating to an internal force that actuates a behavioral pattern, thought process, action or reaction. Negative forces or positive forces can act as actuators. In general it could include but is not limited to the use of words, circumstances, situations, and external and internal forces.

When used effectively by a speaker, this force can help individuals or groups work toward common goals and reach them. This means you can help individuals work toward a goal.

Application of the definition of motivation is varied by socio-economic groups, culture, background, and the neural programming of our brains.

Negative and positive motivational forces could include coercion, desire, fear, influence and need. Depending on how coercion, fear and influence are framed, they could be either negative or positive forces that act as actuators. For instance a fear (negative force) of bodily injury could be a motivation to implement the use of safety equipment (positive force).

Intrinsic or Extrinsic

These forces can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic is when the force comes from within oneself. Extrinsic is when the external forces, positive or negative, produce a behavioral change.

Definition of Motivation of the Extrinsic Kind

Extrinsic motivation would include circumstances, situations, rewards or punishment, both tangible and intangible that participation in results in an external benefit.

Tangible benefits could include monetary reward or a prize. Intangible could include things like adoration, recognition, and praise.

Definition of Motivation of the Intrinsic Kind

Intrinsic motivation would include involvement in behavioral pattern, thought process, action, activity or reaction for its own sake and without an obvious external incentive for doing so. A hobby is an example.

If you are desirous of mastering public speaking for the sake of mastery and not any reward, you have experienced intrinsic motivation.

In addition to forces that produce an actuation, there is a need to have the ability to fulfill the motivation.

For example, a paraplegic may have the desire to get out of a wheelchair and walk, but lacks the ability.

Definition of Motivation of the Neural Kind

Neuro-linguistic Programming is another way of accessing the mental actuator which helps the person change the way they think resulting in changed behavior.

Essentially, Neuro-linguistic Programming actuates a behavior through a change in the mental process. It could be considered a biological change as it involves creating a new thought process complete with new neural synaptic connections. It yields the same result as other motivations only by a different means.

It is an intrinsic form of change. Unlike other motivations, it could be likened to running a new program rather than putting a patch or removing a virus on an existing mental program our brains run on.

1 Build-Operate-Transfer

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or public sector to finance, design, construct, and operate a facility for a specified period, often as long as 20 or 30 years. After the concession period ends, ownership is transferred back to the granting entity.

During the concession the project proponent is allowed to charge the users of the facility appropriate tolls, fees, rentals, and charges stated in the concession contract. This enables the project proponent to recover its investment, operating and maintenance expenses in the project. Due to the long-term nature of the arrangement, the fees are usually raised during the concession period. The rate of increase is often tied to a combination of internal and external variables, allowing the proponent to reach a satisfactory internal rate of return for its investment.

Examples of countries using BOT are India, Croatia, Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), Malaysia, Philippines and Hong Kong. However, in some countries, such as Canada and New Zealand, the term used is Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT). Recently, in the United States, BOT strategies are being considered for construction of portions of Interstate 69, with groundbreaking on the Southern Indiana Toll Road segment expected to begin in 2008.

Traditionally, such projects provide for the infrastructure to be transferred to the government at the end of the concession period. (in Australia, primarily for reasons related to the borrowing powers of states, the transfer obligation is omitted).

BOT is a type of project financing. The hallmarks of project financing are:

(i) The lenders to the project look primarily at the earnings of the project as the source from which loan repayments will be made. Their credit assessment is based on the project, not on the credit worthiness of the borrowing entity.

(ii) The security taken by the lenders is largely confined to the project assets. As such, project financing is often referred to as "limited recourse" financing because lenders are given only a limited recourse against the borrower.

Most project finance structures are complex. The risks in the project are spread between the various parties; each risk is usually assumed by the party which can most efficiently and cost-effectively control or handle it.

Once the project's risks are identified, the likelihood of their occurrence assessed and their impact on the project determined, the sponsor must allocate those risks. Briefly, its options are to absorb the risk, lay off the risk with third parties, such as insurers, or allocate the risk among contractors and lenders. The sponsor will be acting, more often than not, on behalf of a sponsor at a time when the equity participants are unknown. Nevertheless, each of the participants in the project must be satisfied with the risk allocation, the creditworthiness of the risk taker and the reward that flows to the party taking the risk. In this respect, each party takes a quasi equity risk in the project.